A lot of people think of tuna as a health food, and in some ways it is: it’s packed with protein, naturally sugar-free, and has a ton of important nutrients, like omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin B12. But despite all these benefits, it’s not something that you should eat all that often (or if you’re pregnant or have high mercury levels in your blood, perhaps not at all). Why? Because of its mercury content. Most of us have a general idea that too much mercury is bad, but what exactly does it do to your body, and how much is too much?
Read on to learn the signs of mercury poisoning, the primary sources of mercury (including what fish is high in mercury besides tuna), options for mercury poisoning treatment, and more.
Some signs of mercury poisoning include:
Impaired cognitive function (such as poor memory and difficulty paying attention)
Impaired motor function (such as clumsiness or loss of fine motor skills or dexterity)
Memory loss
Insomnia
Fatigue
Muscle weakness
Dizziness
Headaches
Kidney dysfunction
Tremors
Anxiety or depression
Behavioral changes, like irritability or excitability
Numbness or tingling
Beyond the troubling signs of mercury poisoning, there are also concerns about the way in which mercury consumption may increase your risk of certain conditions. Some research suggests that high mercury levels are associated with an increased risk of neurological diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. There’s also significant research linking high mercury levels to cardiovascular problems, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and heart attacks. In one study of 1,800 men, researchers found that those with the highest mercury levels were two times as likely to die from cardiovascular problems than those with low levels.
The Main Sources of Mercury for Humans
When you think of sources of mercury, you probably think of tuna, and rightly so: nearly all methylmercury exposure is due to consuming fish and shellfish that contain high levels of methylmercury. This is because when mercury is released into the environment, much of it makes its way into sea water, where it is then absorbed by plants like algae. Fish then eat the algae, absorbing its mercury. As smaller fish that have eaten mercury-containing algae are consumed by larger fish (and then those fish by still larger fish), the mercury accumulates.
As a result, fish toward the top of the food chain can have mercury concentrations that are 10 times higher than the fish they eat. Because of this, large fish with longer lifespans — like swordfish, shark, marlin, king mackerel, and, yes, certain kinds of tuna (albacore, big eye, and yellowfin, which are all larger tunas) — are the primary sources of mercury for humans.
But you don’t need to swear off seafood — in fact, if you eat seafood, experts advise that you keep it in your diet because of all the important nutrients that fish and shellfish provide (such as omega-3s, protein, minerals, and more). Rather, you just need to be cognizant of the mercury levels of different seafood, and make your choices accordingly. Low-mercury seafood choices include anchovies, sardines, salmon, crab, shrimp, oysters, trout, sole, scallops, flounder, catfish, and haddock, among others.
If you eat fish regularly, these are all safe options to eat and serve to your family. And if you love tuna or swordfish or other major sources of mercury, you don’t need to swear them off forever — just understand your mercury levels through a blood test and then adjust your intake accordingly.
For someone that doesn’t have high levels of mercury, they might be able to have tuna or swordfish as much as once a week, while others might do better with just once a year. No matter how much you eat, opt to have any high mercury fish cooked rather than raw, as cooking is known to reduce mercury content in fish by up to 30%! Women who are pregnant or nursing, however, should avoid high-mercury fish entirely.
While fish is the main source of mercury for humans, methylmercury can be consumed through other foods. One study showed that among people who don’t eat seafood, those that consumed wine, rice, vegetable oil, liquor, beans, nuts, or soy all had higher blood mercury levels than those who didn’t consume much or any of these foods. This is because the mercury in the air ends up in vineyards, rice paddies, and soy and other cropland.
There are also non-food sources of mercury, though these are much less common and not generally a concern for the average person. For instance, metallic mercury exists in some thermometers, CFL light bulbs, some dental fillings, and certain types of jewelry; however, for a person to be exposed to the mercury in all of these cases, the mercury would need to be released by some breakage (i.e., a thermometer breaking in someone’s mouth, or a light bulb shattering). For dental fillings, mercury from the filling evaporates and is then inhaled and absorbed into the bloodstream.
People may also be exposed to mercury through their occupation. Mercury exposure is a particular concern for mine workers and those who work in some chemical manufacturing plants and facilities that either manufacture mercury-containing products or use instruments that contain mercury.
Mercury Poisoning Treatment
Mercury poisoning can be diagnosed with a blood or urine test that measures mercury levels in the body, along with a patient’s symptom profile and information about their lifestyle and diet. Once it’s diagnosed, however, there’s not a simple mercury poisoning treatment.
The most important thing to do is simply to remove all the sources of mercury in a person’s life: if they eat a lot of high-mercury fish, they need to stop completely; if they work in an environment where they’re inhaling mercury, they need to find a different job or job duty. If you cut out your sources of mercury, then your body can begin to eliminate mercury from the body faster than you accumulate it, allowing your mercury levels to drop.
Depending on your body’s ability to detoxify (perhaps you have a genetic mutation or several on your detoxification pathways) or if your mercury levels are extremely high, your doctor will need to do chelation therapy. Chelation agents are substances that can bond to — or bind — metals in your blood, which then allows them to exit your body through urine. If your mercury poisoning treatment involves chelation therapy, you can get the chelation drugs into your body either via IV or pill form.
To completely remove the metal from your body, you may need to take chelation drugs for several weeks or even months. For those who may not have full-blown mercury poisoning but do have high mercury levels, toxin binders are another option. Binders are substances specific compounds that bind up toxins, allowing your body to more easily eliminate them via urine, poop, or sweat. Charcoal is a common binder that can be used for lowering mercury levels.
The WellBe Takeaway on Mercury Poisoning
Mercury is highly toxic, and we all need to be aware of and vigilant about avoiding its negative health effects. Here’s what to remember about mercury and your health:
Mercury is a naturally occurring element that exists in the rock of the earth’s crust. It is released into the air via things like volcanic activity, erosion, and human activity. From there it makes its way into water, soil, and plants
There are several types of mercury. The type that humans are exposed to most is mercury’s organic form, methylmercury, which is highly toxic.
All humans have some level of mercury exposure. At subthreshold levels, that’s fine. But exposure that’s even slightly above the recommended amount can lead to serious and sometimes long-lasting health issues. This is even more true for sensitive groups, like young children and pregnant or nursing mothers. Experts recommend that you consume no more than 0.045 micrograms of mercury per pound of body weight per day, and keep your blood mercury levels below 5.0 micrograms per liter.
The signs of mercury poisoning are quite varied, as it can affect many systems in the body. Common symptoms include cognitive and neuromuscular issues, as well as fatigue, headache, tingling or numbness, and behavioral changes.
Fish and shellfish are the main sources of mercury for humans. This is because mercury makes its way into sea plants like algae, which are then eaten by smaller fish, which are then eaten by larger fish. As you go up the food chain, the mercury bioaccumulates. For this reason, large fish like swordfish, shark, king mackerel, and tuna have higher concentrations of mercury than smaller fish. You should strictly limit your intake of these fish or avoid them completely.
There’s no simple mercury poisoning treatment. The main thing to do is to simply cut mercury sources out of your diet so that your body can begin to process and eliminate what it has built up. If your mercury levels are extremely high or you have genetic mutations making it hard for your body to detoxify the mercury on its own, you may need chelation therapy or toxin binders like charcoal, which is when you take drugs (via IV or pills) that bind to the metal in your blood, allowing it to be eliminated through urine.
If you eat fish or shellfish, do you try to avoid or limit your intake of high-mercury fish? If so, what do you eat instead? If not, how could you change your diet to lower your mercury consumption? Tell us in the comments below.
Listen to this guide on The WellBe Podcast.
Citations:
Hightower JM, Moore D. Mercury levels in high-end consumers of fish. Environ Health Perspect. 2003 Apr;111(4):604-8.
Yokoo EM, Valente JG, Grattan L, Schmidt SL, Platt I, Silbergeld EK. Low level methylmercury exposure affects neuropsychological function in adults. Environ Health. 2003 Jun 4;2(1):8.
Zahir F, Rizwi SJ, Haq SK, Khan RH. Low dose mercury toxicity and human health. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2005 Sep;20(2):351-60.
Salonen JT, Seppänen K, Nyyssönen K, Korpela H, Kauhanen J, Kantola M, Tuomilehto J, Esterbauer H, Tatzber F, Salonen R. Intake of mercury from fish, lipid peroxidation, and the risk of myocardial infarction and coronary, cardiovascular, and any death in eastern Finnish men. Circulation. 1995 Feb 1;91(3):645-55.
Guallar E, Sanz-Gallardo MI, van’t Veer P, Bode P, Aro A, Gómez-Aracena J, Kark JD, Riemersma RA, Martín-Moreno JM, Kok FJ; Heavy Metals and Myocardial Infarction Study Group. Mercury, fish oils, and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2002 Nov 28;347(22):1747-54.
Comments